Food Industry Development
http://hdl.handle.net/11019/10
2024-03-28T09:47:01ZThe effect of concentrate supplementation on milk production and cow traffic in early and late lactation in a pasture-based automatic milking system
http://hdl.handle.net/11019/3433
The effect of concentrate supplementation on milk production and cow traffic in early and late lactation in a pasture-based automatic milking system
Shortall, J.; Foley, C.; Sleator, R.D.; O’Brien, B.
The objective of this experiment was to establish the effect of low-concentrate (LC) and high-concentrate (HC) supplementation in the early and late periods of lactation on milk production and cow traffic in a pasture-based automatic milking (AM) system. In total, 40 cows (10 primiparous and 30 multiparous) were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments. The experimental periods for the early and late lactation trials extended from 23 February to 12 April 2015 and 31 August to 18 October 2015, respectively (49 days in each trial period). The early lactation supplement levels were 2.3 and 4.4 kg/cow per day for LC and HC, respectively, whereas the late lactation supplement levels were 0.5 and 2.7 kg/cow per day for LC and HC, respectively. Variables measured included milking frequency, milking interval, milking outcome and milking characteristics, milk yield/visit and per day, wait time/visit and per day, return time/visit and the distribution of gate passes. As the herd was seasonal (spring) calving, the experimental periods could not run concurrently and as a result no statistical comparison between the periods was conducted. There was no significant effect of treatment in the early lactation period on any of the milk production, milking characteristics or cow traffic variables. However, treatment did significantly affect the distribution of gate passes, with the HC cows recording significantly more gate passes in the hours preceding the gate time change such as hours 7 (P<0.01), 15 (P<0.05), 20, 21 (P<0.001), and 22 (P<0.05), whereas the LC treatment recorded significantly more gate passes in the hours succeeding the gate time change, such as time points 2 (P<0.01) and 10 (P<0.05). There was a significant effect of treatment in late lactation, with HC having a greater milk yield (P<0.01), milking duration and activity/day (P<0.05), while also having a significantly shorter milking interval (P<0.05) and return time/visit (P<0.01). The distribution of gate passes were similar to the early lactation period, with HC also recording a significantly greater number of gate passes during the early morning period (P<0.01) when visitations were at their lowest. Any decision regarding the supplementing of dairy cows with concentrates needs to be examined from an economic perspective, to establish if the milk production and cow traffic benefits displayed in late lactation outweigh the cost of the concentrate; thereby ensuring that the decision to supplement is financially prudent.
peer-reviewed
2018-12-31T00:00:00ZIn the quest of the optimal chondrichthyan for the development of collagen sponges for articular cartilage
http://hdl.handle.net/11019/3149
In the quest of the optimal chondrichthyan for the development of collagen sponges for articular cartilage
Wu, Z.; Korntner, S.H.; Mullen, A.M.; Zeugolis, D.I.
The limited capability of articular cartilage to self-repair renders its regeneration a formidable challenge. In the quest of the optimal material for cartilage scaffold fabrication, the use of collagen type II has been advocated, but its optimal source still remains elusive. Herein, the potential of four [lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), thorn back ray (Raja clavata), cuckoo ray (Leucoraja naevus) and blonde ray (Raja brachyuran)] cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes) derived collagen type II preparation in cartilage engineering was assessed. Collagen type II was extracted using the acid-pepsin method, crosslinked with 4-arm poly (ethylene glycol) succinimidyl glutarate sponges were fabricated and their biophysical, biochemical and biological properties were assessed. Pure collagen type II preparations were obtained from all four chondrichthyes, as revealed by gel electrophoresis. Pore size, porosity, mechanical properties, denaturation temperature, free amine content and resistance to enzymatic degradation of the produced sponges were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected as a function of species. Biological analysis using human adipose derived stem cells revealed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the groups in cell viability, DNA concentration, metabolic activity, Alcian blue staining and sulphated glycosaminoglycans synthesis. Human adipose derived stem cells seeded on fish-derived scaffolds expressed lower mRNA levels of COL1A1 (fold change ≥ 2.0) and COL3A1 (apart from lesser spotted dogfish; fold change < 2.0) and higher mRNA levels of COL10A1 (fold change ≥ 2.0), COMP (fold change ≥ 2.0), SOX9 (fold change ≥ 2.0), and ACAN (apart from cuckoo ray; fold change < 2.0) than cells grown on tissue culture plastic. Our data suggest that chondrichthyes derived collagen type II has the potential to be used in cartilage engineering.
peer-reviewed
2021-09-30T00:00:00ZImpact of sodium alginate gelling and ingredient amalgamating order on ingredient interactions and structural stability of ice cream
http://hdl.handle.net/11019/3101
Impact of sodium alginate gelling and ingredient amalgamating order on ingredient interactions and structural stability of ice cream
Goraya, Rajpreet Kaur; Singla, Mohit; Bajwa, Usha; Kaur, Amarjeet; Pathania, Shivani
The impact of ingredient amalgamating order on the physicochemical properties, sensory, microscopic, and melting characteristics of ice cream was studied. The pre-treatment step involved sodium alginate hydrated in water (SW) and milk (SM). Control (C) sample was developed using standard dairy-based ice cream mix formulation technique whereas SW and SM samples were further mixed with the milk and order of addition of dry ingredients prior to butter addition (SW1, SM1) was compared to the samples in which butter was added before dry ingredients inclusion (SW2, SM2). It was observed that the consistency and structural characteristics of ice cream samples were significantly influenced by pre-treatment and treatment steps. SM1 sample exhibited maximum viscosity; however, SM2 was the most stable formulation with the highest first drip loss time i.e. 25.19 min and melting resistance. Moreover, maximum fat destabilization and overrun in the ice cream manufacturing process was observed in SM2 with the highest overall acceptability score of 8.08 on 9 points hedonic scale. It was found that sodium alginate gel hydrated in milk when added to milk and butter followed by dry ingredients addition forms a superior mix in terms of air cells with strong emulsion boundaries and small ice crystals.
peer-reviewed
2021-07-31T00:00:00ZThe harmonized INFOGEST in vitro digestion method: From knowledge to action
http://hdl.handle.net/11019/2472
The harmonized INFOGEST in vitro digestion method: From knowledge to action
Egger, Lotti; Ménard, Olivia; Delgado-Andrade, Cristina; Alvito, Paula; Assunção, Ricardo; Balance, Simon; Barberá, Reyes; Brodkorb, Andre
Within the active field of in vitro digestion in food research, the COST Action INFOGEST aimed to harmonize in vitro protocols simulating human digestion on the basis of physiologically inferred conditions. A harmonized static in vitro digestion (IVD) method was recently published as a primary output from this network. To validate this protocol, inter-laboratory trials were conducted within the INFOGEST network. A first study was performed using skim milk powder (SMP) as a model food and served to compare the different in-house digestion protocols used among the INFOGEST members. In a second inter-laboratory study applying the harmonized protocol, the degree of consistency in protein hydrolysis was investigated. Analysis of the hydrolyzed proteins, after the gastric and intestinal phases, showed that caseins were mainly hydrolyzed during the gastric phase, whereas β-lactoglobulin was, as previously shown, resistant to pepsin. Moreover, generation of free amino acids occurred mainly during the intestinal phase.
The study also showed that a few critical steps were responsible for the remaining inter-laboratory variability. The largest deviations arose from the determination of pepsin activity. Therefore, this step was further clarified, harmonized, and implemented in a third inter-laboratory study.
The present work gives an overview of all three inter-laboratory studies, showing that the IVD INFOGEST method has led to an increased consistency that enables a better comparability of in vitro digestion studies in the future.
peer-reviewed
2015-12-01T00:00:00Z