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dc.contributor.authorEkhlas, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorSanjuán, Juan M. O.
dc.contributor.authorManzanilla, Edgar G.
dc.contributor.authorLeonard, Finola C.
dc.contributor.authorArgüello, Héctor
dc.contributor.authorBurgess, Catherine M.
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-01T15:19:48Z
dc.date.available2023-08-01T15:19:48Z
dc.date.issued2023-02-24
dc.identifier.citationEkhlas, D., Sanjuán, J.M.O., Manzanilla, E.G. et al. Comparison of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolated from Irish commercial pig farms with and without zinc oxide and antimicrobial usage. Gut Pathog 15, 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-023-00534-3en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11019/3035
dc.descriptionpeer-revieweden_US
dc.description.abstractBackground The prophylactic use of antimicrobials and zinc oxide (ZnO) in pig production was prohibited by the European Union in 2022 due to potential associations between antimicrobial and heavy metal usage with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and concerns regarding environmental pollution. However, the effects of their usage on the bacterial AMR profiles on commercial pig farms are still not fully understood and previous studies examining the effect of ZnO have reported contrasting findings. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of antimicrobial and ZnO usage on AMR on commercial pig farms. Faecal and environmental samples were taken on 10 Irish commercial farms, of which 5 farms regularly used ZnO and antimicrobials (amoxicillin or sulphadiazine-trimethoprim) for the prevention of disease. The other 5 farms did not use ZnO or any other form of prophylaxis. Escherichia coli numbers were quantified from all samples using non-supplemented and supplemented Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar. Results In total 351 isolates were phenotypically analysed, and the genomes of 44 AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from 4 farms were characterised using whole-genome sequencing. Phenotypic analysis suggested higher numbers of multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates on farms using prophylaxis. Furthermore, farms using prophylaxis were associated with higher numbers of isolates resistant to apramycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol, while resistance to ciprofloxacin was more associated with farms not using any prophylaxis. Thirty-four of the 44 AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli strains harboured the blaCTX-M-1 resistance gene and were multi drug resistant (MDR). Moreover, network analysis of plasmids and analysis of integrons showed that antimicrobial and biocide resistance genes were frequently co-located on mobile genetic elements, indicating the possibility for co-selection during antimicrobial or biocide usage as a contributor to AMR occurrence and persistence on farms. Conclusions The results of this study showed evidence that antimicrobial and ZnO treatment of pigs post-weaning can favour the selection and development of AMR and MDR E. coli. Co-location of resistance genes on mobile genetic elements was observed. This study demonstrated the usefulness of phenotypic and genotypic detection of antimicrobial resistance by combining sequencing and microbiological methods.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherBiomed Centralen_US
dc.relation.ispartofseriesGut Pathogens;
dc.subjectPig farmsen_US
dc.subjectAntimicrobial prophylaxisen_US
dc.subjectZinc oxideen_US
dc.subjectAntimicrobial resistanceen_US
dc.subjectMulti-drug resistanceen_US
dc.subjectEscherichia colien_US
dc.subjectwhole-genome sequencingen_US
dc.titleComparison of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolated from Irish commercial pig farms with and without zinc oxide and antimicrobial usageen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.date.updated2023-02-26T04:13:42Z
dc.language.rfc3066en
dc.rights.holderThe Author(s)
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-023-00534-3
dc.contributor.sponsorTeagasc Walsh Scholarship Programmeen_US
dc.contributor.sponsorSpanish Ministry of Educationen_US
dc.contributor.sponsorGrantNumber2018027en_US
dc.contributor.sponsorGrantNumberBEAGAL-18-106en_US
refterms.dateFOA2023-08-01T15:19:51Z


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