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    Ecosystem function enhanced by combining four functional types of plant species in intensively-managed grassland mixtures: a three-year continental-scale field experiment

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    Author
    Finn, John cc
    Kirwan, Laura
    Connolly, John
    Sebastia, Maria Teresa
    Helgadottir, Aslaug
    Baadshaug, Ole
    Belanger, Gilles
    Black, Alistair D
    Brophy, C.
    Collins, Rosemary
    Cop, Jure
    Dalmannsdóttir, Sigridur
    Delgado, Ignacio
    Elgersma, Anjo
    Fothergill, Michael
    Frankow-Lindberg, Bodil
    Ghesquiere, An
    Golinska, Barbara
    Golinski, Piotr
    Grieu, Philippe
    Gustavsson, Anne-Maj
    Höglind, Mats
    Huguenin-Elie, Olivier
    Jørgensen, Marit
    Kadziuliene, Zydre
    Kurki, Paivi
    Llurba, Rosa
    Lunnan, Tor
    Porqueddu, Claudio
    Suter, Matthias
    Thumm, Ulrich
    Luscher, A.
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    Keyword
    ecosystem function
    diversity effect
    traits
    forage yield
    agronomic mixtures
    monocultures
    functional groups
    transgressive overyielding
    resource efficiency
    sustainable intensification
    Date
    22/02/2013
    
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    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11019/438
    Citation
    Finn et al. (2013) Ecosystem function enhanced by combining four functional types of plant species in intensively-managed grassland mixtures: a three-year continental-scale field experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 365-375
    Abstract
    1. A co-ordinated continental-scale field experiment across 31 sites was used to compare the biomass yield of monocultures and four-species mixtures associated with intensively managed agricultural grassland systems. To increase complementarity in resource use, each of the four species in the experimental design represented a distinct functional type derived from two levels of each of two functional traits, nitrogen acquisition (N2-fixing legume or non-fixing grass) crossed with temporal development (fast-establishing or temporally persistent). Relative abundances of the four functional types in mixtures were systematically varied at sowing to vary the evenness of the same four species in mixture communities at each site, and sown at two levels of seed density. 2. Across multiple years, the total yield (including weed biomass) of the mixtures exceeded that of the average monoculture in >97% of comparisons. It also exceeded that of the best monoculture (transgressive overyielding) in about 60% of sites, with a mean yield ratio of mixture to best-performing monoculture of 1.07 across all sites. Analyses based on yield of sown species only (excluding weed biomass) demonstrated considerably greater transgressive overyielding (significant at about 70% of sites, ratio of mixture to best-performing monoculture = 1.18). 3. Mixtures maintained a resistance to weed invasion over at least three years. In mixtures, median values indicate <4% of weed biomass in total yield, whereas the median percentage of weeds in monocultures increased from 15% in year 1 to 32% in year 3. 4. Within each year, there was a highly significant relationship (P<0.0001) between sward evenness and the diversity effect (excess of mixture performance over that predicted from the monoculture performances of component species). At lower evenness values, increases in community evenness resulted in an increased diversity effect, but the diversity effect was not significantly different from the maximum diversity effect across a wide range of higher evenness values. The latter indicates the robustness of the diversity effect to changes in species’ relative abundances. 5. Across sites with three complete years of data (24 of the 31 sites), the effect of interactions between the fast-establishing and temporal persistent trait levels of temporal development was highly significant and comparable in magnitude to effects of interactions between N2-fixing and non-fixing trait levels of nitrogen acquisition. 6. Synthesis and applications. The design of grassland mixtures is relevant to farm-level strategies to achieve sustainable intensification. Experimental evidence indicated significant yield benefits of four-species agronomic mixtures which yielded more than the highest-yielding monoculture at most sites. The results are relevant for agricultural practice, and show how grassland mixtures can be designed to improve resource complementarity, increase yields and reduce weed invasion. The yield benefits were robust to considerable changes in the relative proportions of the four species, which is extremely useful for practical management of grassland swards.
    Funder
    European Union; Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology; Science Foundation Ireland; AnimalChange project; MULTISWARD project
    Grant Number
    COST Action 852; 09/RFP/EOB2546; 266018; FP7-244983
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12041
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Environment, Soils & Land Use
    Environment, Soils & Land Use
    Environment, Soils & Land Use

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