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    Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands treating wastewater: a review

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    Author
    Jahangir, Mohammad M. R.
    Richards, Karl G.
    Healy, Mark G.
    Gill, L.
    Muller, Christoph
    Johnston, Paul
    Fenton, Owen
    Keyword
    Greenhouse Gas emissions
    Constructed Wetlands
    Nutrient Removal
    Carbon removal
    Nitrogen removal
    biogeochemical dynamics
    Date
    18/01/2016
    
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    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11019/946
    Citation
    Jahangir M.M.R., Richards K.G., Healy M.G., Gill L., Müller C., Johnston P. and Fenton O. (2016) Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands treating wastewater: a review. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 109-123. DOI 10.5194/hess-20-109-2016, 2016
    Abstract
    The removal efficiency of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in constructed wetlands (CWs) is very inconsistent and frequently does not reveal whether the removal processes are due to physical attenuation or whether the different species have been transformed to other reactive forms. Previous research on nutrient removal in CWs did not consider the dynamics of pollution swapping (the increase of one pollutant as a result of a measure introduced to reduce a different pollutant) driven by transformational processes within and around the system. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by reviewing the biogeochemical dynamics and fate of C and N in CWs and their potential impact on the environment, and by presenting novel ways in which these knowledge gaps may be eliminated. Nutrient removal in CWs varies with the type of CW, vegetation, climate, season, geographical region, and management practices. Horizontal flow CWs tend to have good nitrate (NO3−) removal, as they provide good conditions for denitrification, but cannot remove ammonium (NH4+) due to limited ability to nitrify NH4+. Vertical flow CWs have good NH4+ removal, but their denitrification ability is low. Surface flow CWs decrease nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions but increase methane (CH4) emissions; subsurface flow CWs increase N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but decrease CH4 emissions. Mixed species of vegetation perform better than monocultures in increasing C and N removal and decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but empirical evidence is still scarce. Lower hydraulic loadings with higher hydraulic retention times enhance nutrient removal, but more empirical evidence is required to determine an optimum design. A conceptual model highlighting the current state of knowledge is presented and experimental work that should be undertaken to address knowledge gaps across CWs, vegetation and wastewater types, hydraulic loading rates and regimes, and retention times, is suggested. We recommend that further research on process-based C and N removal and on the balancing of end products into reactive and benign forms is critical to the assessment of the environmental performance of CWs.
    Funder
    Irish Research Council; Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-109-2016
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    Environment, Soils & Land Use
    Environment, Soils & Land Use
    Environment, Soils & Land Use

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